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Nat Genet:揭示卫生条件改善后索氏志贺菌发病率为何反而增加

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如今,研究人员发现几个世纪前在欧洲出现的一种细菌在全球正在扩散至经历快速发展和工业化的国家。已知随着发展中国家变得越来越工业化,导致痢疾(dysentery)的弗氏志贺菌(<em>Shigella flexneri</em>)感染数量在下降,而且这种下降是与人们健康、生活方式和可能最重要的是获取清洁的水相关联,但是另一种导致痢疾的细菌索氏志贺菌(<em>Shigella sonnei</em>)的发病率实际上却在增加。

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在这项研究中,研究人员精确地描绘出索氏志贺菌仅在几个世纪前在欧洲站稳脚跟,但是在过去几十年里,它已扩散至世界其他地方。他们在这种病原体扩散中发现一种关键性因素就是多重耐药性---在接触一系列抗生素之后仍然存活下来的能力---在上升。因为索氏志贺菌容易传播,而且具有高水平的耐药性,所以研究人员提示着药物治疗和更好的卫生条件并不足以控制疾病的传播。疫苗开发将是非常关键的。

为了研究为什么索氏志贺菌如此有效地传播,研究人员研究了它的遗传进化,发现只有一些类型的基因选择性地随着时间的推移而发生进化,特别是那些参与耐药性的基因。这提示着推动这种细菌扩散的主要动力明显是它能够对药物治疗产生耐药性。

尽管索氏志贺菌和弗氏志贺菌亲缘关系比较密切,但是它们拥有非常不同的与人免疫系统相互作用的表面抗原或外膜。索氏志贺菌只有一种类型的外膜,但是弗氏志贺菌有很多种外膜,而且每种膜看起来与索氏志贺菌明显不同。于是科学家们一直猜测索氏志贺菌在某个时刻从另一种细菌---志贺邻单胞菌(<em>Plesiomonas shigelloides</em>)---中获得它的外膜,其中志贺邻单胞菌是一种在污染的水中经常被人们发现的细菌。

索氏志贺菌和志贺邻单胞菌拥有完全一样的外膜。因此人们认为,一个人当接触到含有志贺邻单胞菌的污染水时,就会产生免疫交叉反应,因而身体能够建立起抵抗索氏志贺菌的天然免疫反应。这种理论可能解释着为什么索氏志贺菌的发病率在经济发展和水质量改善后会增加,而且与这项研究中描述的全球扩散模式相一致。

本文编译自<a href="http://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-08-dysentery-europe-industrializing-countries.html" target="_blank">Researchers look at the spread of dysentery from Europe to industrializing countries</a>
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<a title="" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.2369" target="_blank">doi: 10.1038/ng.2369</a>
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<br/><strong>Shigella sonnei genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicate recent global dissemination from Europe</strong><br/>


Kathryn E Holt, Stephen Baker, François-Xavier Weill, Edward C Holmes, Andrew Kitchen, Jun Yu, Vartul Sangal, Derek J Brown, John E Coia, Dong Wook Kim, Seon Young Choi, Su Hee Kim, Wanderley D da Silveira, Derek J Pickard, Jeremy J Farrar, Julian Parkhill, Gordon Dougan &amp; Nicholas R Thomson

Shigella are human-adapted Escherichia coli that have gained the ability to invade the human gut mucosa and cause dysentery1, 2, spreading efficiently via low-dose fecal-oral transmission3, 4. Historically, S. sonnei has been predominantly responsible for dysentery in developed countries but is now emerging as a problem in the developing world, seeming to replace the more diverse Shigella flexneri in areas undergoing economic development and improvements in water quality4, 5, 6. Classical approaches have shown that S. sonnei is genetically conserved and clonal7. We report here whole-genome sequencing of 132 globally distributed isolates. Our phylogenetic analysis shows that the current S. sonnei population descends from a common ancestor that existed less than 500 years ago and that diversified into several distinct lineages with unique characteristics. Our analysis suggests that the majority of this diversification occurred in Europe and was followed by more recent establishment of local pathogen populations on other continents, predominantly due to the pandemic spread of a single, rapidly evolving, multidrug-resistant lineage.

<br/>来源:生物谷

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