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腾讯登录盘点全球生物安全顶级实验室(BSL4, P4)
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近日埃博拉疫情的日益严峻，美国疾控中心和世界卫生组织都将埃博拉疫情响应升至最高级别，这也使媒体对埃博拉病毒关注的目光，转向研究埃博拉病毒的利器、也几乎是必备神器¾生物安全4级实验室，生物安全实验室共分4级(Biosafety Level 1-4), 生物安全4级实验室又常被称为P4实验室，这个P可不是个屁，是指Pathogen（病原） or Prote... |
近日埃博拉疫情的日益严峻，美国疾控中心和世界卫生组织都将埃博拉疫情响应升至最高级别，这也使媒体对埃博拉病毒关注的目光，转向研究埃博拉病毒的利器、也几乎是必备神器¾生物安全4级实验室，生物安全实验室共分4级(Biosafety Level 1-4), 生物安全4级实验室又常被称为P4实验室，这个P可不是个屁，是指Pathogen（病原） or Protection（保护）。说生物安全4级实验室是生物安全顶级实验室，不仅仅是指生物安全方面是顶级的，最高的，其造价也是最贵的，因此，数量很少，即使是在全球范围内，生物安全4级实验室也只有56个，这还包括一些正在建设中的（参见下表）。
| 序号 | 名 字 | 位 置 | 建设时间 | 说 明 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Virology Laboratory of the Queensland Department of Health | Australia, Queensland, Coopers Plains | ||
| 2 | Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) | Osong, Cheongwon county, North Chungcheong province, South Korea | 2013 | |
| 3 | University of Queensland - Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre (SASVRC) Royal Women's Hospital Brisbane P3 (BL3) | Australia, Queensland, Herston | ||
| 4 | Australian Animal Health Laboratory | Australia, Victoria, Geelong | ||
| 5 | National High Security Laboratory | Australia, Victoria, North Melbourne | National High Security Laboratory Operates under the auspice of the Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory. | |
| 6 | Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology | Belarus, Minsk | Department of Molecular Epidemiology & Innovational Biotechnologies | |
| 7 | National Microbiology Laboratory | Canada, Manitoba, Winnipeg | Located at the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, it is jointly operated by the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. | |
| 8 | Wuhan Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences | China, Hubei, Wuhan | 2003 | Wuhan Institute of Virology already hosts a BSL-3 laboratory. A distinct BSL-4 facility is currently being built based on P4 standards, the original technology for confinement developed by France. It will be the first at level 4 in China, under the direction of Shi Zhengli. |
| 9 | Biological Defense Center | Czech Republic, Pardubice, Těchonín | 1971, rebuilt 2003-2007 | Located at the Centrum biologické ochrany (Biological Defense Center)[13] |
| 10 | Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux | France, Rhône-Alpes, Lyon | 1999 | Jean Mérieux laboratory is a co-operation between the Pasteur Institute and INSERM. Note that in France, it is P4 for Pathogen or Protection level 4. |
| 11 | Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville | Gabon | 2013 | This facility is operated by a research organization supported by both Gabonese (mainly) and French governments, and is West Africa's only P4 lab (BSL-4). |
| 12 | Robert Koch Institute | Germany, Berlin | The facility was licenced for construction by City of Berlin on November 30, 2008. | |
| 13 | Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine | Germany, Hamburg | ||
| 14 | Friedrich Loeffler Institute on the Isle of Riems | Germany, Isle of Riems (Greifswald) | 2010 | Deals especially with virology |
| 15 | Philipps University of Marburg | Germany, Marburg | 2008 | The facility is licenced to work with genetically modified organisms |
| 16 | High Security Animal Disease Laboratory (HSADL) | India, Bhopal | 1998 | This facility deals especially to zoonotic organisms and emerging infectious disease threats. |
| 17 | Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology | India, Hyderabad | 2009 | National Bio-Safety Level-4 Containment Facility for Human Infectious Diseases & Clinical Research Facility in Regenerative Medicine. |
| 18 | All India Institute of Medical Sciences | India, New Delhi | 1993 | Conducts studies on major pathogenic organisms. Has contributed in discovering new strains & vaccines. |
| 19 | Microbial Containment Complex | India, Pune | 2012 | Bio-Safety Level-IV Laboratory established by ICMR with support from Department of Science & Technology |
| 20 | Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale Luigi Sacco | Italy, Lombardy, Milan | A university hospital in Polo Universitario; it contains two special vehicles for transporting infectious persons. | |
| 21 | Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive | Italy, Lazio, Rome | This facility, (trans.) National Institute of Infectious Diseases, operates within the Lazzaro Spallanzani Hospital. | |
| 22 | National Institute for Infectious Diseases | Japan, Tokyo, Musashimurayama | Located at National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology I; this lab has the potential of operating as a BSL-4, however it is limited to perform work on only BSL-3 agents due to opposition from local residents and communities. | |
| 23 | Institute of Physical and Chemical Research | Japan, Ibaraki, Tsukuba | This is a non-operating BSL-4 facility. | |
| 24 | Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) | Netherlands, Bilthoven | 2009 | |
| 25 | Cantacuzino Microbiological Research Institute (INCDMI) | Romania, Bucharest | ||
| 26 | "Dr. Carol Davila" Central Military Hospital | Romania, Bucharest | ||
| 27 | State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR | Russia, Novosibirsk Oblast, Koltsovo | It is one of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox. The other Russian BSL-4 facilities have been dismantled. | |
| 28 | National Institute for Communicable Diseases | South Africa, Johannesburg | National Institute for Communicable Diseases of Special Pathogens Unit is one of only two BSL-4 facilities in Africa but the only suit laboratory on the continent. | |
| 29 | Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control | Sweden, Solna | Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control is Scandinavia's P4 facility. | |
| 30 | University Hospital of Geneva | Switzerland | ||
| 31 | Spiez Laboratory | Switzerland, Spiez | ||
| 32 | Kwen-yang Laboratory (昆陽實驗室) Center of Disease Control | Taiwan | Part of the Department of Health, Taiwan. | |
| 33 | Preventive Medical Institute of ROC Ministry of National Defense | Taiwan | ||
| 34 | Health Protection Agency's Centre for Infections | United Kingdom, Colindale | Located in the Viral Zoonosis unit. | |
| 35 | National Institute for Medical Research | United Kingdom, London | ||
| 36 | Institute for Animal Health | United Kingdom, Pirbright | ||
| 37 | Institute for Animal Health Compton Laboratory | United Kingdom, Compton | ||
| 38 | Defence Science and Technology Laboratory | United Kingdom, Porton Down | ||
| 39 | Health Protection Agency | United Kingdom, Porton Down | Special Pathogens Reference Unit. | |
| 40 | Health Protection Agency | United Kingdom, Porton Down | Botulism. | |
| 41 | Francis Crick Institute [22] | United Kingdom, London | Under construction. The UKCMRI will not work on Human Hazard Group 4 agents. | |
| 42 | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | United States, Georgia, Atlanta | Currently operates in two buildings. One of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox. | |
| 43 | Georgia State University | United States, Georgia, Atlanta | Is an older design "glovebox" facility. | |
| 44 | National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), Kansas State University | United States, Kansas, Manhattan | Under construction. Facility to be operated by the Department of Homeland Security, and replace the Plum Island Animal Disease Center (which is not a BSL-4 facility). Planned to be operational by 2015, but likely delayed. | |
| 45 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) | United States, Maryland, Bethesda | Located on the NIH Campus, it currently only operates with BSL-3 agents. | |
| 46 | Integrated Research Facility | United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick | Under construction. This facility will be operated by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), it is planned to begin operating at 2009 at the earliest. | |
| 47 | National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC) | United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick | Under construction, it will be operated for the Department of Homeland Security. | |
| 48 | US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) | United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick | 1969 | Old building |
| 49 | US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) | United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick | 2017? | New building, currently under construction |
| 50 | National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory (NEIDL), Boston University | United States, Massachusetts, Boston | Under construction by Boston University, building and staff training complete, waiting for regulatory approval. | |
| 51 | NIAID Rocky Mountain Laboratories | United States, Montana, Hamilton | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases | |
| 52 | Kent State University, Kent Campus | United States, Ohio, Kent | Operates as a clean lab at level 3 for training purposes. Scheduled for conversion to a hot level 4 lab in response to a bioterrorism event in the USA. | |
| 53 | Galveston National Laboratory, National Biocontainment Facility | United States, Texas, Galveston | Opened in 2008, facility is operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch.[23] | |
| 54 | Shope Laboratory | United States, Texas, Galveston | Operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB). | |
| 55 | Texas Biomedical Research Institute | United States, Texas, San Antonio | The only privately owned BSL-4 lab in the US. | |
| 56 | Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services | United States, Virginia, Richmond | This facility is part of the Department of General Services of the Commonwealth of Virginia. so called "surge" BSL-4 capacity. |
（表中内容参考http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_level#Biosafety_level_4 制作）
如上表所示，这56个生物安全顶级实验室遍布世界五大洲，其中非洲大陆只有两个，分别位于南非和加蓬。单论国家而言，美国最多，有15个，其中包括一个正在建设中的、隶属军队的实验室，还包括一个归私人所有的P4实验室（位于Texas Biomedical Research Institute，德州生物医学研究所），该P4实验室的私人属性（而非归国家所有）恐怕不仅在美国绝无仅有，恐怕在世界范围内都是独一无二的。
从上表可以看出，我国唯一的一个P4实验室，位于中科院武汉病毒所。仅仅这一个独苗，目前尚且没有建成，俗话说“十年磨一剑”，但是这个“剑”已经磨了11年目前还不知何时才能正式磨成。根据《第一财经日报》的报道，“这个中国第一个也是唯一一个P4实验室，前期基础建设投入约2亿。……武汉P4实验室目前还没有建成，硬件和软件方面都需要推进。…….如果顺利的话，到今年年底会有一个阶段性的成果，但是距离能够使用还有一段距离。”（参考：http://tech.sina.com.cn/d/2014-08-06/01449537048.shtml）现在的埃博拉疫情相信会推动该实验室的建设速度。从报道和上表的内容可以看出，我国目前尚没有独立设计、建设P4实验室的能力，核心技术采用的是法国的。
值得一提的是，我国目前人口全球第一、GDP和研发经费全球第二，但是居然连一个已经建成使用的P4实验室都没有，应该说这在国际上都是很…、说不过去的事情，穷如非洲的加蓬都有一个（当然这个也是由法国援建和参与管理的），连经济和总体科技水平都不如中国的印度都有4个P4实验室，即使是被许多人贬称为弹丸之地的中国台湾都有2个P4实验室，当然虽然我们都政治正确地说是中国台湾,人家的两个实验室其实和中国大陆没有半毛钱关系，自己根本用不上。
需要说明的是, 除了埃博拉病毒必须要在P4实验室操作外，还有其他一些高致病性病毒，如马尔堡病毒，拉萨（Lassa）病毒, 克里米亚- 刚果出血热病毒, 玻利维亚和阿根廷出血热病毒以及其它出血热病毒等。
（转化医学网360zhyx.com）
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