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盘点全球生物安全顶级实验室(BSL4, P4)

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导读	近日埃博拉疫情的日益严峻，美国疾控中心和世界卫生组织都将埃博拉疫情响应升至最高级别，这也使媒体对埃博拉病毒关注的目光，转向研究埃博拉病毒的利器、也几乎是必备神器¾生物安全4级实验室，生物安全实验室共分4级(Biosafety Level 1-4), 生物安全4级实验室又常被称为P4实验室，这个P可不是个屁，是指Pathogen（病原） or Prote...

近日埃博拉疫情的日益严峻，美国疾控中心和世界卫生组织都将埃博拉疫情响应升至最高级别，这也使媒体对埃博拉病毒关注的目光，转向研究埃博拉病毒的利器、也几乎是必备神器¾生物安全4级实验室，生物安全实验室共分4级(Biosafety Level 1-4), 生物安全4级实验室又常被称为P4实验室，这个P可不是个屁，是指Pathogen（病原） or Protection（保护）。说生物安全4级实验室是生物安全顶级实验室，不仅仅是指生物安全方面是顶级的，最高的，其造价也是最贵的，因此，数量很少，即使是在全球范围内，生物安全4级实验室也只有56个，这还包括一些正在建设中的（参见下表）。

序号	名字	位置	建设时间	说明
1	Virology Laboratory of the Queensland Department of Health	Australia, Queensland, Coopers Plains
2	Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC)	Osong, Cheongwon county, North Chungcheong province, South Korea	2013
3	University of Queensland - Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre (SASVRC) Royal Women's Hospital Brisbane P3 (BL3)	Australia, Queensland, Herston
4	Australian Animal Health Laboratory	Australia, Victoria, Geelong
5	National High Security Laboratory	Australia, Victoria, North Melbourne		National High Security Laboratory Operates under the auspice of the Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory.
6	Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology	Belarus, Minsk		Department of Molecular Epidemiology & Innovational Biotechnologies
7	National Microbiology Laboratory	Canada, Manitoba, Winnipeg		Located at the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, it is jointly operated by the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency.
8	Wuhan Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences	China, Hubei, Wuhan	2003	Wuhan Institute of Virology already hosts a BSL-3 laboratory. A distinct BSL-4 facility is currently being built based on P4 standards, the original technology for confinement developed by France. It will be the first at level 4 in China, under the direction of Shi Zhengli.
9	Biological Defense Center	Czech Republic, Pardubice, Těchonín	1971, rebuilt 2003-2007	Located at the Centrum biologické ochrany (Biological Defense Center)[13]
10	Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux	France, Rhône-Alpes, Lyon	1999	Jean Mérieux laboratory is a co-operation between the Pasteur Institute and INSERM. Note that in France, it is P4 for Pathogen or Protection level 4.
11	Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville	Gabon	2013	This facility is operated by a research organization supported by both Gabonese (mainly) and French governments, and is West Africa's only P4 lab (BSL-4).
12	Robert Koch Institute	Germany, Berlin		The facility was licenced for construction by City of Berlin on November 30, 2008.
13	Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine	Germany, Hamburg
14	Friedrich Loeffler Institute on the Isle of Riems	Germany, Isle of Riems (Greifswald)	2010	Deals especially with virology
15	Philipps University of Marburg	Germany, Marburg	2008	The facility is licenced to work with genetically modified organisms
16	High Security Animal Disease Laboratory (HSADL)	India, Bhopal	1998	This facility deals especially to zoonotic organisms and emerging infectious disease threats.
17	Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology	India, Hyderabad	2009	National Bio-Safety Level-4 Containment Facility for Human Infectious Diseases & Clinical Research Facility in Regenerative Medicine.
18	All India Institute of Medical Sciences	India, New Delhi	1993	Conducts studies on major pathogenic organisms. Has contributed in discovering new strains & vaccines.
19	Microbial Containment Complex	India, Pune	2012	Bio-Safety Level-IV Laboratory established by ICMR with support from Department of Science & Technology
20	Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale Luigi Sacco	Italy, Lombardy, Milan		A university hospital in Polo Universitario; it contains two special vehicles for transporting infectious persons.
21	Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive	Italy, Lazio, Rome		This facility, (trans.) National Institute of Infectious Diseases, operates within the Lazzaro Spallanzani Hospital.
22	National Institute for Infectious Diseases	Japan, Tokyo, Musashimurayama		Located at National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology I; this lab has the potential of operating as a BSL-4, however it is limited to perform work on only BSL-3 agents due to opposition from local residents and communities.
23	Institute of Physical and Chemical Research	Japan, Ibaraki, Tsukuba		This is a non-operating BSL-4 facility.
24	Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)	Netherlands, Bilthoven	2009
25	Cantacuzino Microbiological Research Institute (INCDMI)	Romania, Bucharest
26	"Dr. Carol Davila" Central Military Hospital	Romania, Bucharest
27	State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR	Russia, Novosibirsk Oblast, Koltsovo		It is one of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox. The other Russian BSL-4 facilities have been dismantled.
28	National Institute for Communicable Diseases	South Africa, Johannesburg		National Institute for Communicable Diseases of Special Pathogens Unit is one of only two BSL-4 facilities in Africa but the only suit laboratory on the continent.
29	Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control	Sweden, Solna		Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control is Scandinavia's P4 facility.
30	University Hospital of Geneva	Switzerland
31	Spiez Laboratory	Switzerland, Spiez
32	Kwen-yang Laboratory (昆陽實驗室) Center of Disease Control	Taiwan		Part of the Department of Health, Taiwan.
33	Preventive Medical Institute of ROC Ministry of National Defense	Taiwan
34	Health Protection Agency's Centre for Infections	United Kingdom, Colindale		Located in the Viral Zoonosis unit.
35	National Institute for Medical Research	United Kingdom, London
36	Institute for Animal Health	United Kingdom, Pirbright
37	Institute for Animal Health Compton Laboratory	United Kingdom, Compton
38	Defence Science and Technology Laboratory	United Kingdom, Porton Down
39	Health Protection Agency	United Kingdom, Porton Down		Special Pathogens Reference Unit.
40	Health Protection Agency	United Kingdom, Porton Down		Botulism.
41	Francis Crick Institute [22]	United Kingdom, London		Under construction. The UKCMRI will not work on Human Hazard Group 4 agents.
42	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	United States, Georgia, Atlanta		Currently operates in two buildings. One of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox.
43	Georgia State University	United States, Georgia, Atlanta		Is an older design "glovebox" facility.
44	National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), Kansas State University	United States, Kansas, Manhattan		Under construction. Facility to be operated by the Department of Homeland Security, and replace the Plum Island Animal Disease Center (which is not a BSL-4 facility). Planned to be operational by 2015, but likely delayed.
45	National Institutes of Health (NIH)	United States, Maryland, Bethesda		Located on the NIH Campus, it currently only operates with BSL-3 agents.
46	Integrated Research Facility	United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick		Under construction. This facility will be operated by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), it is planned to begin operating at 2009 at the earliest.
47	National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC)	United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick		Under construction, it will be operated for the Department of Homeland Security.
48	US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)	United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick	1969	Old building
49	US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)	United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick	2017?	New building, currently under construction
50	National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory (NEIDL), Boston University	United States, Massachusetts, Boston		Under construction by Boston University, building and staff training complete, waiting for regulatory approval.
51	NIAID Rocky Mountain Laboratories	United States, Montana, Hamilton		National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
52	Kent State University, Kent Campus	United States, Ohio, Kent		Operates as a clean lab at level 3 for training purposes. Scheduled for conversion to a hot level 4 lab in response to a bioterrorism event in the USA.
53	Galveston National Laboratory, National Biocontainment Facility	United States, Texas, Galveston		Opened in 2008, facility is operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch.[23]
54	Shope Laboratory	United States, Texas, Galveston		Operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB).
55	Texas Biomedical Research Institute	United States, Texas, San Antonio		The only privately owned BSL-4 lab in the US.
56	Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services	United States, Virginia, Richmond		This facility is part of the Department of General Services of the Commonwealth of Virginia. so called "surge" BSL-4 capacity.

（表中内容参考http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_level#Biosafety_level_4 制作）

如上表所示，这56个生物安全顶级实验室遍布世界五大洲，其中非洲大陆只有两个，分别位于南非和加蓬。单论国家而言，美国最多，有15个，其中包括一个正在建设中的、隶属军队的实验室，还包括一个归私人所有的P4实验室（位于Texas Biomedical Research Institute，德州生物医学研究所），该P4实验室的私人属性（而非归国家所有）恐怕不仅在美国绝无仅有，恐怕在世界范围内都是独一无二的。

从上表可以看出，我国唯一的一个P4实验室，位于中科院武汉病毒所。仅仅这一个独苗，目前尚且没有建成，俗话说“十年磨一剑”，但是这个“剑”已经磨了11年目前还不知何时才能正式磨成。根据《第一财经日报》的报道，“这个中国第一个也是唯一一个P4实验室，前期基础建设投入约2亿。……武汉P4实验室目前还没有建成，硬件和软件方面都需要推进。…….如果顺利的话，到今年年底会有一个阶段性的成果，但是距离能够使用还有一段距离。”（参考：http://tech.sina.com.cn/d/2014-08-06/01449537048.shtml）现在的埃博拉疫情相信会推动该实验室的建设速度。从报道和上表的内容可以看出，我国目前尚没有独立设计、建设P4实验室的能力，核心技术采用的是法国的。

值得一提的是，我国目前人口全球第一、GDP和研发经费全球第二，但是居然连一个已经建成使用的P4实验室都没有，应该说这在国际上都是很…、说不过去的事情，穷如非洲的加蓬都有一个（当然这个也是由法国援建和参与管理的），连经济和总体科技水平都不如中国的印度都有4个P4实验室，即使是被许多人贬称为弹丸之地的中国台湾都有2个P4实验室，当然虽然我们都政治正确地说是中国台湾,人家的两个实验室其实和中国大陆没有半毛钱关系，自己根本用不上。

需要说明的是, 除了埃博拉病毒必须要在P4实验室操作外，还有其他一些高致病性病毒，如马尔堡病毒，拉萨（Lassa）病毒, 克里米亚- 刚果出血热病毒, 玻利维亚和阿根廷出血热病毒以及其它出血热病毒等。

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